This e-publication provides essential background information about the International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program (ITVERP)—how it came into existence, its role in assisting victims of international terrorism and mass violence, and how the reimbursement process works. Companion reports summarizing annual program activities and statistics are also available, starting with the September 2008–August 2009 reporting period.

About This Report

The establishment of the International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program (ITVERP) in 2006 enabled the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) to take an important step forward in responding to the needs of victims of international terrorism. The creation of ITVERP broke new ground in the field of victim services and filled a critical gap in outreach for this population of crime victims.

As mandated by Congress, OVC must submit annual reports on ITVERP activities that include the following:

• An explanation of the procedures for filing and processing applications for reimbursement.
• A statistical analysis of the assistance provided under the program, including—
  • The number of applications for reimbursement submitted.
  • The number of applications approved and the amount of each award.
  • The number of applications denied and the reasons for denial.
  • The average length of time needed to process an application.
  • The number of applications in process.
  • The estimated future liability of the program.
• A description of the procedures and policies instituted to promote public awareness of the program.
• An analysis of future program needs and suggested program improvements.

Each annual report showcases OVC’s efforts to implement ITVERP and enhance benefits and services to victims of international terrorism during a 12-month period. Although previous reports have been published in print format, the current report and successive reports are being made available online for users’ ease of reference and cost-effectiveness. Copies may be downloaded by those preferring print versions of the reports.

Message From the Director

We live in a world where international terrorism is a constant threat to our national security and personal safety. U.S. citizens living, working, or traveling abroad, and foreign nationals working on behalf of the United States Government, are often targets of international terrorist attacks. The physical and psychological effects experienced by victims of international terrorism are devastating and long lasting.

In the past, the only resource for many victims of acts of international terrorism was their state victim compensation program, as provided by the 1984 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA). Because each state and territory determined its own level of funding and assistance, victims of the same act of terrorism occurring abroad, who were residents of different states, received different levels of compensation from these programs.

In 2000, in response to inconsistencies in crime victim compensation benefits across state lines, Congress established the International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program (ITVERP). ITVERP ensures that all eligible victims of acts of international terrorism and their families receive equitable financial assistance, regardless of the victim’s legal state of residence. ITVERP became fully operational in October 2006, and has since been among the Office for Victims of Crime’s (OVC) most important initiatives. As a unique, federal direct service program, ITVERP enables OVC to reimburse victims of international terrorism for certain expenses they incur as a direct result of their victimization.

For many years, OVC has worked to address gaps in victim services and provided funding to administer state-based compensation programs for victims of crime. OVC’s expertise in this area enhances ITVERP’s ability to address the significant financial hardships often encountered by U.S. citizens victimized by international terrorism. As a payer of last resort, ITVERP may reimburse eligible victims for medical, mental health, funeral and burial, property loss, and certain miscellaneous expenses.

In recent years, coordination with other federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Security Division, and the U.S. Department of State, has substantially increased ITVERP’s ability to conduct outreach to potential claimants and increase public awareness of the program and the benefits it provides. It is our goal to make ITVERP known to all victims who can be helped by the program and to ensure that OVC will be able to provide the assistance they need well into the 21st century.

Joye E. Frost
Director
Office for Victims of Crime

ITVERP Program Description

Legislation and Funding

In 2000, Congress amended the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) of 1984, Public Law 98-473 (codified at 42 U.S.C.§ 10601 et seq.), to include authorization for OVC to establish a federal program that would uniformly and equitably provide assistance to victims of designated terrorist acts for certain expenses, regardless of the victim’s legal state of residence. This program became the International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program (ITVERP). Eligible victims include U.S. nationals, and foreign nationals working for the U.S. Government at the time of the terrorist act. The program became operational on October 6, 2006, when final regulations (28 C.F.R. part 94) governing the program went into effect.

• To fund ITVERP;
• To support compensation and assistance services for victims of domestic terrorism or mass violence;
• To support assistance services to victims of international terrorism; and
• To transfer funds to U.S. district courts to cover the costs of special masters appointed to hear damage claims in certain cases brought under the terrorism exception to foreign sovereign immunity.

Through ITVERP, OVC provides reimbursement to victims of international terrorism and their families for expenses related to medical care, funeral and burial expenses, repatriation of remains, mental health counseling, property loss, and miscellaneous expenses, such as emergency travel.

Eligibility

ITVERP is authorized to reimburse eligible victims of acts of international terrorism that occur outside the United States for expenses incurred as a direct result of their victimization. Individuals eligible for reimbursement include U.S. nationals and officers, employees, and contractors of the Federal Government, including foreign nationals.ⁱⁱ In the case of a victim who is incompetent, incapacitated, deceased, or a minor, a family member (spouse, parent, child, sibling, or other person at the discretion of the OVC Director) or legal guardian may apply for and receive reimbursement on behalf of the victim. A victim, family member, or legal guardian who applies for ITVERP reimbursement is referred to as a claimant.

Reimbursable Expenses

Exhibit 1 identifies the types of expenses for which eligible claimants may request reimbursement.

• Attorneys’ fees and other legal expenses;
• Lost wages;
• Payments for pain and suffering; and
• The loss of enjoyment of life or of consortium.

ITVERP regulations also stipulate that OVC cannot provide reimbursement for expenses for which the claimant already received compensation or reimbursement. These ineligible expenses are referred to as collateral sources. Examples of collateral sources include workers’ compensation payments and insurance benefits. Life insurance proceeds are generally not considered a collateral source because they do not compensate claimants for specific out-of-pocket expenses. The definition of collateral sources for ITVERP’s purposes is consistent with other provisions relating to crime victim compensation programs under VOCA.

Application Types

• Interim Emergency—For claimants seeking funds for an immediate need, such as medical treatment, short-term lodging, or emergency transportation. Emergency requests are processed based on the determination by the OVC Director that a payment will avoid or mitigate substantial hardship that may arise from delaying reimbursement.
• Itemized—For claimants making a first-time request to be reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses.
• Supplemental—For claimants incurring additional expenses or whose expenses have changed since they first applied for funding (e.g., bills received late or for newly required services).

Filing Deadlines

The deadline to submit an application for ITVERP reimbursement is based on the date of the act of international terrorism, as illustrated in exhibit 2.

Procedures for Filing and Processing an Application

OVC has an established procedure for receiving, tracking, and processing applications for reimbursement. The average processing time for paid claims is 285 days. The ITVERP claims process is described below and illustrated in exhibit 3.

Intake

Intake begins when OVC receives the application for reimbursement, which the claimant must complete and submit by mail. Application materials can be downloaded and printed from the ITVERP Web page or obtained by request via the ITVERP toll free line (1–800–363–0441).

Eligibility of Claimant

• Application review: All applications are assigned to a case manager, who reviews the information submitted by the claimant to assess the completeness of the application. Within 5 business days of receipt of the application, the case manager mails the claimant a letter acknowledging receipt of the application. The case manager also contacts the claimant to obtain any missing or additional information needed to process the claim. The claimant has 120 calendar days to provide the requested information; otherwise, the claim will be moved to inactive status until the information is provided. The claimant is notified of this deadline every 30 days via written correspondence.
  
  ITVERP regulations allow only one application per victim to be filed. A claim is ordinarily filed by the direct victim of the terrorist act; however, a family member can file the claim on behalf of the direct victim. When a family member files, they have to collect information for all qualifying expenses from those who incurred expenses on behalf of the victim. Although only the direct victim or a family member (or legal guardian) is authorized to file the claim and receive reimbursement, the funds reimbursed by the program may then be distributed among others who incurred expenses. While such expenses were initially paid by others, the claim for reimbursement is based on the injury suffered by the direct victim.
  
  The only exception to this occurs when family members such as the spouse, children, parents, and siblings of the direct victim are eligible to file individual claims for mental health counseling on their own behalf. This applies when the direct victim dies as a result of the act of terrorism; when the direct victim is under 18 years of age or is incompetent or incapacitated at the time of the act of terrorism; or when the direct victim is rendered incompetent or incapacitated as a result of the act of terrorism.
• Verification of victim/claimant: ITVERP will verify, through the applicable investigating law enforcement agency, that the victim and claimant listed on the application are associated with the act of terrorism. In most instances, this information is obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Office for Victim Assistance (OVA). For family members applying for reimbursement on behalf of their loved ones, ITVERP will review documentation to verify the relationship between the applying family member, or designated legal representative, and the direct victim.
• Designation of an incident as an act of international terrorism: The corresponding incident must first be designated as an act of international terrorism for the purposes of ITVERP before the Director of OVC may authorize reimbursement. The authority to make this determination is delegated to the Assistant Attorney General for National Security. A current list of designated incidents can be found online. Upon receipt of an application linked to an incident not yet designated as an act of terrorism, OVC submits a request for designation to the National Security Division.

Eligibility of Expenses

• Expense verification: A claimant must submit their application with an original signature and copies of original receipts for each expense. At the OVC Director’s discretion, a claimant may submit a signed statement that explains why receipts are unavailable, itemizes and describes each individual expense, and certifies that the information and expenses listed are accurate to the best of the claimant’s knowledge. Based on the information submitted, the OVC Director may consider an itemized statement of expenses in lieu of receipts. ITVERP will verify each expense submitted by contacting service providers and vendors to confirm the amount of the expense and that it is directly linked to the terrorist act.
• Collateral source verification: The claimant must also submit complete and accurate information regarding all other financial resources that are or may be available to offset expenses. ITVERP will work with the claimant to review all potential resources for payment or financial assistance, which often include—
  • Insurance (health, disability, property, etc.);
  • Workers’ compensation;
  • Medicare or Medicaid;
  • Social Security benefits;
  • Foreign governments or private entities; and
  • Other victim assistance or emergency assistance programs (state compensation programs, etc.).

It is important to note that, if a claimant has been awarded compensation through a court judgment against a foreign government that has not yet been paid, the amount of this judgment is considered a collateral source under ITVERP, and the ITVERP reimbursement will be reduced accordingly.

Recommendation

Once the claimant’s eligibility and expenses have been verified, ITVERP staff make a recommendation for disposition of the claim to OVC. Final determination of the ITVERP award is made by the OVC Director.

Claim Determination and Payment

Exhibit 4 lists the ways a claim can be decided by the OVC Director.

For those claims that are processed as full or partial payment, claimants in the United States receive payment via direct deposit; claimants outside the United States receive payment via an international electronic funds transfer. All reimbursements are made in U.S. dollars. If a claimant submits a request in a currency other than U.S. dollars, the payment is converted using the official U.S. Department of the Treasury, Financial Management Service’s foreign currency exchange rates.

Appeals

Once a claim has been approved or denied, OVC sends a letter to the claimant outlining the decision and explaining the appeals process. Claimants have the right to appeal a final decision within 30 days of receiving the determination of their claim. Appeal requests are sent to the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs, who reviews the claim and renders a final determination.

PART II: ITVERP Assistance and Outreach: Reporting Period of October 2012––September 2013

This report provides a summary of the International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program’s (ITVERP) activities from October 1, 2012, through September 30, 2013. It covers two critical areas of ITVERP assistance—application processing and claims payment, and public awareness activities undertaken to reach out to potential claimants—and concludes with a discussion of future program needs and suggested improvements.

Program Highlights

• ITVERP launched a new website with revised materials.
• The Office for Management and Budget approved the new ITVERP Claimant Feedback Tool.
• ITVERP began planning and development of its Data Management System.
• ITVERP increased outreach to military and international nongovernmental organizations.
• ITVERP increased collaboration with other federal agencies that provide support to victims and surviving family members.

Reimbursement Activities

This section highlights the activities and accomplishments related to ITVERP's main function of processing applications for reimbursement, including—

• the number of applications received;
• the status of claims;
• the current processing time for claims;
• details regarding reimbursements paid to claimants; and
• the number of appeals under the program to date.

Applications Received and Processed

During this reporting period, ITVERP received 38 new applications for reimbursement. The applications reflect terrorist incidents dating from November 24, 1992, to August 21, 2013. Exhibit 5 illustrates the number of applications received during each ITVERP reporting period since the program’s inception in 2006.

Status of Claims

As claims reach certain phases in the application process, OVC assigns them one of four related statuses:

1. Active. Claims may be in process while OVC verifies eligibility and expenses and gathers additional information, or active pending designation by the National Security Division (NSD).


2. Claimant Unresponsive. Frequently, claimants initiate the application process but do not provide complete information. Claimants have 120 calendar days from the time ITVERP receives their initial application to provide the necessary information or the claim will become inactive.


3. Denied. A claim is considered denied if the OVC Director determines that no reimbursement may be paid. Such claims are also considered inactive.


4. Paid. A claim is considered paid after a claimant receives reimbursement. Once a claim is paid, it is also considered inactive.

At the end of this reporting period, there were 21 active claims: 19 claims in process and 2 claims pending designation by NSD. One of the claims pending NSD designation is inactive due to an unresponsive claimant. ITVERP has paid 200 claims, denied 50 claims, and designated 29 claims as inactive/unresponsive since the implementation of the program in 2006. Exhibit 6 presents the status of all ITVERP claims.

Foreign Service National Claims

During this reporting period, ITVERP completed eight claims received from Foreign Service Nationals (FSN) (also known as locally employed staff). Seven of the claimants were FSNs victimized in the bombings of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, on August 7, 1998. The remaining claim was submitted on behalf of a deceased FSN killed in Sana’a, Yemen. The total amount reimbursed to FSNs during this reporting period was $53,034.

Processing Time

To process claims, ITVERP requires verification of the claimant’s eligibility and confirmation that the expenses submitted have been processed in compliance with ITVERP regulations. Generally, claims that are denied because of claimant ineligibility require less time to process because ITVERP’s designation of the claim is not contingent upon completion of the application or verification of the expenses. However, depending on the reason for the denial, claims may undergo victim verification and the incident designation process before being denied. For example, if victim verification requires coordination with an investigating agency other than the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), it may take time to identify the agency responsible for verification. Also, if an incident is submitted to NSD for a designation of terrorism, it may take time for NSD to determine whether the event qualifies as a terrorist incident for the purpose of ITVERP. Each of the scenarios described above may affect review time. Exhibit 7 shows the average length of time it took to process the 28 paid claims and 11 denied claims completed during this reporting period.

Processing Time

To process claims, ITVERP requires verification of claimant eligibility and confirmation that submitted expenses are processed in compliance with ITVERP regulations. Generally denied claims require less time to process because ITVERP does not have to wait for the application to be completed by the claimant or for expenses to be verified to determine the applicant's eligibility. However, depending on the reason for the denial, claims may undergo victim verification and the incident designation process prior to the claim's dismissal. For example, if victim verification requires coordination with an investigating agency other than the FBI, it may take time to identify the agency responsible for verification. Also, if an incident is submitted to the National Security Division (NSD) for a designation of terrorism, it may take time for NSD to determine whether the event qualifies as a terrorist incident for the purpose of ITVERP.  The scenarios described above may all impact review time, thus lengthening the denial process. Exhibit 7 shows the average length of time it took to process the 171 paid claims and the 39 denied claims completed at the end of this reporting period.

Exhibits 8 and 9 show the average number of days it took for paid and denied claims to move through different steps in the claims process.

Reimbursement Requests, by Expense Category

Potential claimants who incurred multiple expenses as a result of their victimization may apply for reimbursement in more than one expense category. ITVERP case managers work closely with claimants and potential claimants to assess and fully identify their needs to ensure they receive the maximum reimbursement allowable. Exhibit 10 shows the dollar amount of reimbursements requested in the 38 new applications received during this reporting period, by expense category. Many claimants applied for reimbursement under multiple expense categories.

Reimbursements Paid, by Expense Category

During this reporting period, ITVERP paid a total of $123,185 in reimbursement requests. Exhibit 11 shows the amount of reimbursements paid out by each expense category during the reporting period. Many claimants were reimbursed under multiple expense categories.

Appeals

Under ITVERP regulations, claimants may file an appeal within 30 days of receipt of the OVC Director’s final determination of their claim. In April 2013, ITVERP received and processed its first appeal. The appeal was specific to NSD’s decision not to designate the event as a terrorist incident for the purposes of ITVERP. The final determination affirmed the OVC Director’s dismissal of the claim, and the claimant was informed of this by letter, dated May 31, 2013.

Future Liability

Claims that are in process represent an estimate of ITVERP’s potential future liability. If all the claims that are in process are paid in the amounts requested, ITVERP’s potential future liability is $164,588. Exhibit 12 shows ITVERP’s estimated future liability by type of expense reimbursement category.

Program Updates

Deadline Extensions

The OVC Director is authorized to use discretion in extending the filing deadline for ITVERP applications based on a showing of good cause. Of the 38 new applications received during this reporting period, 14 requested—and were granted upon a showing of good cause—an extension to the 3-year filing deadline.

Supplemental Claims

In addition to the 38 new claims received during the reporting period, ITVERP received 8 supplemental applications from 5 claimants.

Promoting Public Awareness

Victims of terrorism must focus on their immediate medical, mental health, family, housing, and other needs and those of their loved ones. Unfortunately, many victims and their families are not aware of the resources available to them. A critical ongoing effort for ITVERP is to reach out to victims of international terrorist incidents and their families to inform them of the assistance this program offers. Outreach activities are primarily focused on two specific groups: victims, survivors, and families of terrorism victims who are considered potential claimants; and collaborating agencies and organizations that may come into contact with potential claimants. This section describes ITVERP’s outreach efforts during this reporting period.

Outreach to Potential Claimants

ITVERP’s outreach efforts focus on victims of international acts of terrorism and their family members who may be eligible for reimbursement under the program. OVC coordinates with the Office for Victim Assistance (OVA) within the FBI and with the U.S. Department of State (DOS) to identify potential claimants. When a terrorist incident occurs outside the United States, DOS is the first agency to respond, locating and identifying U.S. citizens. When appropriate, OVA then provides victims or their families with information about ITVERP as a potential source of financial support. For the victims and family members who choose to apply for benefits, ITVERP case managers verify eligibility and deliver support and assistance throughout the application intake and claims verification process. During this reporting period, ITVERP sent individual outreach letters to 163 potential claimants.

When a terrorism incident results in a large number of victims, the survivors of the event and their families may become the best source of outreach for the program. For example, an ITVERP claimant who was victimized in the 1998 attacks on the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, offered to distribute outreach materials, translated into Swahili, on a Kenyan listserv dedicated to victims of the bombing to help increase outreach. ITVERP worked closely with the claimant and hopes to work with other claimants in a similar capacity.

ITVERP also conducted targeted outreach to the DOS Legal Claims Office, Office of Logistics Management, Bureau of Administration, Under Secretary for Management, on behalf of ITVERP claimants; and the Peace Corps Office of Intergovernmental Affairs and Global Partnerships, Office of Safety and Security, and Office of Counseling and Outreach.

To further identify victims of previous terrorist attacks during this reporting period, ITVERP conducted outreach to the Ambassador to Pakistan, 2001–2002; the former Regional Affairs Officer in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1997; the Deputy Justice Attaché at the U.S. Embassy in Afghanistan; the DOS Legal Attaché in Pakistan; and the DOS Director of Human Resources at the U.S. Embassy in Sana’a, Yemen.

ITVERP Resource Center

The ITVERP Resource Center responds to questions and requests made through its dedicated toll-free helpline and email address. Program staff are available to respond to inquiries Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. eastern time. Federal, state, and local government agency staff and NGOs often contact the Resource Center for information about program eligibility requirements on behalf of specific individuals, and to provide information about potential claimants who may qualify for ITVERP reimbursement.

Similarly, ITVERP staff respond directly to victims who call the helpline for assistance with their applications or with inquiries about the types of expenses the program covers and the program’s eligibility requirements. For non-English speakers, the program provides translation support. ITVERP staff use their individual language capacity for callers who speak Spanish, Farsi, or Romanian. For callers who speak other languages, the staff access the language line for assistance communicating effectively with any caller or claimant. This allows for real-time communication with the caller. During this reporting period, ITVERP accessed the language line to assist a claimant who spoke only Arabic.

ITVERP Online

During this reporting period, ITVERP launched its new website, with comprehensive updates to its content, including a program fact sheet, answers to frequently asked questions, various menu selections, and updated resource links. Claimants and potential claimants can obtain information from the ITVERP web page about the program, including eligibility criteria, reimbursement categories and types of expenses covered, and the claims process. Individuals who want to apply to the program can download the updated ITVERP application with integrated instructions, an updated application checklist, and supporting materials directly from the site. A current list of NSD-designated terrorist incidents is also available.

Enhancing customer service and communicating with claimants are continuing program priorities. OVC’s focus on customer service will include reviewing the mechanisms available to ITVERP for improving claims processing times and staff communication with victims and families applying for reimbursement. During this reporting period, ITVERP introduced the Claimant Feedback Tool, which was approved by the Office for Management and Budget in September 2013. The Claimant Feedback Tool is designed to obtain information about the application and claim review process from claimants. Once a claimant receives a decision on their claim, they are asked about their experience so that ITVERP staff can improve and enhance program delivery.

OVC continues to ensure that resources are readily and easily accessible to victims and their families. During this reporting period, OVC and the Office of Justice Programs’ Office of the Chief Information Officer entered into an agreement to develop a more comprehensive case management system. The new system will enhance service delivery to applicants by providing greater transparency in the ITVERP claims process and allowing victims to submit applications and track their claims online. The system will also increase the program staff’s capacity to enhance customer service delivery.

Future Program Needs and Improvements

Complexity of Claims

As a reimbursement program, ITVERP is not a typical claims or compensation program. ITVERP is unique because it requires significant due diligence and review of each expense before reimbursement can occur. This adds complexity to the program and requires continual navigation of new issues arising from uncommon and sensitive reimbursement requests. In this way, ITVERP is a program where the quality of the analysis and resulting claim determination is paramount and swift processing is not always possible. As new claims continue to be submitted, the program will continue to develop, as will the resulting policy decisions.

Outreach

ITVERP is continually conducting outreach to ensure potential claimants are aware of this unique program. ITVERP must promote the program among governmental and nongovernmental agencies on an ongoing basis and conduct consistent outreach by attending conferences and meetings and building relationships with other organizations. Such exposure is essential to ensuring that organizations that come into contact with victims are aware of the financial support services available through ITVERP and can refer potential claimants to the program.